Key Assumptions and Parameters

The following parameters are integral to our methodology:

• Battery size: 10 MW/10 MWh (1-hr), 10 MW/20 MWh (2-hr) and 10 MW/40 MWh (4-hr).
• Geography: Germany (additional regions will be included in future versions).
• Roundtrip efficiency: 90.25% (95% efficiency for both charging and discharging).
• Daily cycle limit: 2 cycles/day.
• State of charge (SoC): Managed as a rolling variable based on prior day activities, without reset.
• Min/Max SoC limits: 10% (minimum) and 90% (maximum).
• Asset degradation: Not included in this demonstration (available in the investment analysis tool).
• Market behavior assumption: BESS is treated as a price-taker, submitting bids based on internal costs, constraints, and strategies with the market prices not being influenced.